自贡灯会制作找华溢

灯会历史非常悠长，根据民间习俗灯会，又名花灯会，是我国普遍流行的传统的民间的综合性的活动。灯会艺术也就是灯的综合性的装饰艺术。灯会的产生，是从人类运用火、发明灯、制造灯具等发展而来的。燧人氏发明了钻木取火，人类燃起了火堆，点燃了火把，这火堆、火把就是原始灯的起源。

The history of color-lantern show is very long. According to the folklore exhibit of lanterns, there is another name “exhibits of flower color-lanterns”, which is a general popular traditional folk activity. The art of exhibit of lanterns is, in other word, comprehensive decoration art. The born of exhibit of lanterns originates from the procedure that human beings learn to use fire, invent lamps, make lanterns. Suiren Shi found to drill wood to make fire, then human set the fire, light the torch, which are the origin of original lamp.

民间灯会随着社会生产力的发展，人类开始用动植物和矿物的油蜡来作采光的灯。《周礼、司恒氏》载凡邦之大事，供烛庭燎、烛麻烛也，可见，周朝就有了烛灯。到了战国，灯的制造工艺蓬勃发展，这在屈原《楚辞》中就有所表述：兰膏明烛华铜错。汉代是铜灯制作的鼎盛时期。《西京杂记》载：汉高祖入咸阳宫，秦有青玉五枝灯，高七尺五寸，下作蟠螭，口衔灯，燃则鳞甲皆动，焕炳若列星盈盈。到了唐朝，元宵放灯发展成盛况空前的灯市，京城作灯轮高二十丈，衣以锦绮，饰以金银，燃五万盏灯，簇之如花树。这之后，各地花灯活动尤为盛行。宋代，花灯发展到了高峰，样式变化万千。《东京梦华录》记载：汴京（开封）宫廷扎做灯山，有普贤、文殊佛骑狮子、白象等灯。

With the development of social productivity, people started to use oil and wax from animal, plant and mineral to make lamp in the folk exhibit of lanterns. Zhou LI·Si Hengshi records, when there was great events in the country, people would set candle lamps to light up the courtyard and the candle lamps glittered like stars in the sky. The record proves that there was candle lamp back in Zhou Dynasty. The manufacturing techniques developed fast in Warring States Period. It was recorded in the Songs of Chu: the candles which were made of blue oil were put in the copper candlestick. In Han Dynasty, here comes the great prosperity of copper lamps. It was recorded in the Miscellany of the Western Capital that: Han emperor came into the Xianyang Palace. There were 5-branch lamps made of sapphire which were 7 chi 5 cun high, with a hydra below holding a lamp in its mouth. Its scale and shell moves when the lamp is lighted and it looks like stars glittering in the sky. In Tang Dynasty, flying the lamps on the lantern festival became unprecedented lantern market. There was wheel lantern which was 20 zhang high in capital city and decorated with brocade, damask and gold and silver. When 50 thousand of lamps lighted together, it looked like a flower tree bloomed. Since then, the flower-decorated lamps gets more and more popular all over the country. In Song Dynasty, flower-decorated lamps ushered its peak and there were different styles that you cannot imagine and have never seen before. It was recorded in the Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu that, Bianjing(Kaifeng) palace was decorated like a lamp mountain and there were different modeling lamps such as Puxian, Manjusri Buddha riding lion and white elephant and so on.

说到灯会历史就不得不说到自贡灯会。自贡灯会历史悠久。南宋淳熙年（公元１１７４年）正在荣州（今荣县）做县令的大诗人陆游就留下一别秦楼，转眼新春，又近放灯的诗句。据荣县志记述：荣县新年灯会甚盛……而楼台为甲观，乡人通命曰亭，一城数亭，一亭各式，其高数重，构栋雕镂，临春组合，彩笺书画，嵌灯如星，一亭燃四五百灯，辉丽万有。西人来观亦欣然，京邑所不见也。初自贡地区的各种灯节活动，一般是由各类祠庙主办的。每逢节气，这些祠庙便要点红灯，元宵节还要放鞭炮、燃烟火。善男信女纷纷到这些庙宇去捐菜油、看热闹，求神赐福祛邪。

Speaking of the history of exhibits of lantern, Zigong has its remarkable place in it. It is a long history of Zigong exhibit of lantern. In the Chunxi period of Southern Song Dynasty(A.D. 1174), the great poet Lu You who was the county magistrate of Rongzhou (now Rongxian) wrote the famous verse that I’ve just said goodbye to the Qin Lou and now here comes the new spring and people started to fly the lanterns again. According to the Rongxian Zhi：the new-year exhibit of lantern was very popular in Rongxian… The view on the tower is the best and the county people called it pavilion. There were several pavilions in a city, which has various styles and several floors high. The external wall of the tower is full of sculpture combing with great hand-writings and colorful paintings, which was embed with lanterns like stars in the sky. And there were 400-500 lanterns in a pavilion which was absolutely magnificent. Visitors from the west saw the scene and surprised because they never saw this before even in the capital city. At first, the exhibits of lanterns in Zigong were held by ancestral temples. When the festivals came, the temples would light the red lanterns and set off the firecrackers and fireworks in the Lantern Festival. The religious believers would donate rapeseed oil to the temples and watch the fun in order to pray the god’s blessing.

在清末时有资料统计，自贡地区的祠庙竟有１２０８处，其中有始建于唐代的荣县大佛禅寺，建于明朝的富顺县圣果寺、赖雅庙、灵应寺等。可见自贡民间的灯节活动分布面之广，风情之盛。

There were statistical material that there were 1208 ancestral temples in Zigong district such as Rongxian Giant Buddha Zen Temple which was started building in Tang Dynasty, Fushun Shengguo Temple which was built in Ming Dynasty, Laiya Temple, Lingying Temple and so on. It’s easy to see that the lantern festival activities were widely spread and prosperous among the Zigong folk.

到明清时期，花灯活动尤为盛行，样式变化万千，种类逐步增多，规模也有所发展。漂河灯、牛儿灯、孔明灯、狮灯场市等灯节是这一历史时期的主要灯会活动。还有一种敬灶神点红灯的习俗，民间也较为盛行。大年三十晚（农历腊月三十日），各家各户均要点上红灯一盏，就连贫家小户门前也要挂上红纸灯笼；中等家境的吊四方形檐灯或六方形宫灯；富贵之家则为圆形大纱灯，以示对灶神的尊敬。

In the period of Ming and Qing Dynasty, the exhibits of flower lantern was particularly popular. There were more styles and varieties and also the scale grew larger. The primary exhibits of lantern festivals in this period were, floating the river lantern, buffalo lantern, Kongming lantern, lion lantern. What’s more, there was an popular activity that lighting the red lantern to worship the kitchen god among the folk. On the Chinese New Year’s Eve (lunar calendar the twelfth moon,30), each family will light a red lantern, even the poor one will hang a red-paper lantern in the front door ; and the mid-class family will hang a square eave lantern or hexagon palace lantern; the rich one will hang the round gauze lantern to show their respect to the kitchen god as well.

民间盛行的灯种是宫灯和纱灯。这些灯题材丰富，精美奇巧，以竹木作架，红色丝绸、布料、纸张等均可作灯衣。富豪之家在厅堂、门首悬挂的宫灯和纱灯要都制作得十分讲究，有的镶金嵌玉，有的饰以彩穗，有的题写诗文。纱灯因呈鼓球体，用三块乙楠竹篾钉成三脚架，把它挂起来，三脚分开，便可离地三尺垂悬半空，三脚合拢，又可手举高悬。在当时，它比宫灯的用途还要广泛，龙灯、狮灯、花灯等杂耍多用纱灯伴舞。

The most popular lantern were palace lantern and gauze lantern. These lanterns had rich themes and well-made. The bamboo and wood were used to make frame and red silk, cloth, paper could be made into lantern shell. The palace lantern and gauze lantern which rich family hanged in the hall and at the gate were made elaborately. Some of them were decorated with colorful spike and some other were written with poem. The gauze lantern is like a globe because 3 pieces of phyllostachys pubescens strips were pinned as a tripod. When it was hanged, 3 legs were separated so it 3 chi lift-off the ground. And when the 3 legs were pulled together, it can be hanged with hands. The gauze lantern were more widely user than the palace lantern back then. In the vaudeville such as playing the dragon lantern, lion lantern, flower lantern, gauze lantern were frequently used as the backup dancers tool.

自贡地区在开展花灯活动中，还伴以耍龙灯、　亦称龙灯舞或耍龙灯，一般在正月初一开灯，正月十六倒灯。

During the exhibit of flower lantern in Zigong district, people often saw the dancers playing the dragon lantern, which also called dragon lantern dance and it started on the New Year’s Day of the Chinese lunar  calendar and ended on the first moon,16.

龙灯分为布衣龙灯、大龙灯、草龙灯、板凳龙灯等不同的龙种进行表演。布衣龙灯，一般由十二三人组成阵式，有舞龙经的武阵、唱念猜字的文阵。套路变化多，龙体灵活。大龙灯，一般龙身在１５节左右，每节内能点火烛。龙头重达３０余斤，舞动时每节由一人执柄，常做之字型或Ｓ型舞动。灯火连成一片，甚为壮观。草龙灯，主要是用自贡地方特产芦草编制而成，由５～７人舞动，灵活逼真。板凳龙灯，是在板凳一头扎龙头，另一头扎龙尾，多是兄弟俩共舞，才能配合默契，显龙之机敏。

The dragon lantern divides in cloth gown dragon lantern, big dragon lantern, grass dragon lantern and wooden bench dragon for play. The cloth gown dragon is usually played by 12-13 dancers and it has Wuzhen which plays dragon classics and Wenzhen which sing and guess the riddle word. The skills are changeful and the dragon body is flexible. The body of big dragon lantern consists of 15 joints, in which can light a fire candle. The dragon head is 15 kilograms. When plays, each joint is held by a dancer and often it plays in “Zhi” Chinese character or “S”. The contiguous lantern light is a magnificent spectacular. The grass dragon lantern is weaved of reed which is exclusive in Zigong. It plays by 5-7 dancers and looks also flexible and vivid as well. The wooden bench dragon lantern is that the dragon head is on one side of the bench and the dragon tail is on the other side of the bench. In order to convey the dragon’s alert and resourceful, this kind of dance is often played by 2 brothers because of the born-given privity.

狮灯舞在自贡地区历史悠久。表演者过去被称为帮打班子。这些班子许多都是世家相传，不仅能舞狮灯，而且还能翻筋头、钻火圈、爬高杆，极富喜剧色彩，让人捧腹大笑。所以狮灯场市有时一表演就是一周甚至更长时间，在川南一带很有影响。

The lion lantern dance has a long history in Zigong district. The dancers used to be called Bangda Team. Those team were run in the family, who can not only play the lion lantern, but somersault, jump through the fire ring and climb up the high pole, which were entertaining and comedic and the audience burst their sides with laughter. Therefore, the lion lantern show often lasts a week or even longer, which has a tremendous impact in the southern Sichuan area.

牛儿灯舞是流行于四川农村的一个灯舞形式。一般是牛童手提红烛灯，表演牵牛、骑牛、逗牛、喂牛和爱抚牛等动作；牛的扮演者则随牛童手中的灯表演啃草、喝水、蹦跳等憨态。表演生动传神、诙谐有趣。这种灯舞活动不只限于春节，在红白喜事、打谷插秧等重大农历节气时都有表演。

he buffal lantern dance is a kind of popular lantern dance in the county area of Sichuan. It is usually played by a cowherd holding a red candle lantern who plays leading, riding, teasing, feeding and showing tender to the buffalo; the buffalo player plays eating grass, drinking water, jumping and some other naïve action along with the lantern in the cowherd’s hand. The whole performance is vivid and humorous. This kind of lantern dance takes place not only in Spring Festival, but in the wedding, funeral, thrash, transplant and some other important lunar solar terms.

到了清末和民国时期，灯会的活动内容更加丰富，又新增了瞒天过海、提灯会等活动。

民间观灯、制灯的习俗一直延续下来，这便是自贡灯会的雏型。

新中国成立后，灯会艺术得到了更大的发展，特别是随着我国科学技术的发展，自贡灯会艺术更是花样翻新，奇招频出，传统的制灯工艺和现代科学技术紧密结合，将电子、建筑、机械、遥控、声学、光导纤维等新技术、新工艺用于灯会的设计制作，把形、色、光、声、动相结合，思想性、知识性、趣味性、艺术性相统一，使自贡灯会这门古老的艺术更加绚丽多彩。

In the late Qing Dynasty and the period of Republic of China, the exhibits of lantern has more kinds of activities, such as cross the sea under camouflage, holding lanterns etc.

The traditions that visiting the exhibits of lantern and making lanterns are inherited among the folk, which is the rudiment of Zigong exhibits of lanterns.

After the new China was founded, the exhibit of lantern art has made a significant progress. Especially with the development of China’s science and technology, more and more styles appears in Zigong exhibits of lantern. The traditional lantern-making skills are combined with modern science technology closely. New techniques and skills have been adopted in the manufacturing of exhibits of lantern such as, electricity, architecture, machinery, remote control, acoustics，light-guide fiber etc. The combination of style，color，light，sound and mobility, meanwhile, the combination of thinking，knowledge，entertaining and art，make Zigong exhibits of lantern-the old art，more bright and colorful.

TAG:自贡灯会,灯会